All items in a bibliography are normally listed alphabetically by the author's surname. You will notice that all footnote examples are numbered consecutively, as they would be in an essay. The format of footnotes and bibliographic citations differs.Ī footnote is like a sentence, with each major item (author, title, facts of publication) separated by a comma.Ī bibliographic citation, which begins at the left margin, with all subsequent lines indented (known as a “hanging indent”), separates major elements with a period. In the text of the essay, refer to this example as Ex.1 Citation Style You should provide all the necessary details: composer, title, movement (if appropriate) and measure numbers:Įx. It is important to identify clearly the musical examples you choose to illustrate your essay. "Air with Variations" ( The Harmonious Blacksmith) from Handel's Suite no."And He Shall Purify." from Handel's Messiah."Contentedness" from Schumann's Scenes from Childhood.Names of individual movements from larger compositions (including choral works), when such movements are referred to by title, are placed in quotation marks:.Names of pieces with specific titles should be italicized, IF it is a TRUE title (i.e., one that the composer has given to the work):."On a rainy night" from Beckwith's Lyrics of the T'ang Dynasty.Andante from Mozart's Symphony in G Minor.Movement titles are generally capitalized individual movements from larger works are placed within quotation marks:.Schubert's Piano Sonata in B-flat Major.Titles consisting of generic terms are capitalized but not italicized or put in quotation marks:.Titles of songs and other short compositions are given in quotation marks:.Titles of operas, oratorios, motets, tone poems, and other long musical compositions are italicized:.allegro, andante, cantus firmus, recitative, Kappellmeisterīeware of "inventing" your own terms there is no such verb as "to crescendo"! Titles of musical compositions.Italicize all foreign words unless they are particularly familiar in English usage: With modern software, we now use italics. In the days of typewriters, underlining was an instruction to the typesetter to set a particular passage in italics. the keys of F-sharp minor and E-flat major.middle C, E, G-natural, A-flat, F-sharp.When writing a music history essay, avoid using abbreviations and symbols: No matter what style guide is followed, it is important to be consistent and clear, so that the reader can easily track down your references. Humanistic writing on music usually follows the Turabian guide (which is based on The Chicago Manual of Style), and Turabian will be followed in most of the history courses offered at Western. Many students have probably not had much experience writing essays on music, a kind of writing that has its own stylistic conventions.
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